How to add notes and documents to Trello
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Learn how you can add the power of notes and documents to your Trello boards and cards with the help of a simple Power-Up.
Out of the box, Trello is one of the best project management platforms on the market. With just the right mix of features and useability, anyone can get up to speed fairly quickly with this tool and have it seamlessly manage projects with speed and ease. Most organizations won’t have to worry about adding too many additional features, but for those that do find the odd missing feature, you’ll be happy to know that Power-Ups are there to save you.
One such feature might be the addition of notes and documents to your Trello account. With a free Power-Up, you can add note taking and document creation. You can even add notes to your Cards, and that feature alone is worth the small amount of time and effort it takes to add the Power-Up.
Speaking of which, the Power-Up to which I am referring is simply called Notes & Docs, which allows you to take notes, write documents, embed rich content (such as images, files, web bookmarks, tables and YouTube videos), Figma prototypes, Miro boards, Loom recording and more to a card or board.
SEE: Hiring kit: Project manager (TechRepublic Premium)
Let’s get this Power-Up added and see how it works.
The only thing you’ll need is a working Trello account. This account can be a free plan because Power-Ups are now free to all Trello users. So sign in to your Trello account, and let’s get busy.
Log in to your Trello account and select the Board to which you want to add the Power-Up. Near the top right corner, click Power-Ups (Figure A).
Figure A
From the pop-up menu (Figure B), click Add Power-Ups.
Figure B
In the next window, search for Notes & Docs, which will reveal the Power-Up we want to install. Click Add (Figure C) to install the Notes & Docs Power-Up.
Figure C
When prompted, click Add again and the installation will start and complete. Before you can use the app, walk through the introductory wizard and then when prompted click the checkbox to agree with the terms and conditions and then click Authorize with Trello (Figure D).
Figure D
Another pop-up window will appear, where you must allow the app permission to your Trello Board. Scroll to the bottom of that window and click Allow (Figure E).
Figure E
Once everything is taken care of, you’ll be greeted by a window that instructs you how to format your content (hint, Markdown is your friend). After going through that window, close it and return to your board. If you open a card, you will now see a Notes section (Figure F).
Figure F
Click Add note to open the new editor (Figure G), where you can add as much content as you need.
Figure G
Think of Board Documents as general documents that give users information about the project. Maybe they’re documentation or general and supplemental information. To create a Board document, click Notes in the top navigation and, in the resulting window (Figure H), click + associated with BOARD at the top left of the window.
Figure H
In the resulting window (Figure I), start typing your document.
Figure I
All Board Documents are accessed from the Notes icon in the top navigation and can be opened from under the BOARD section.
And that’s all there is to adding Notes & Documents to your Trello boards. This Power-Up is a great addition for any Board that needs more than just the standard info that can be added to cards. Give Notes & Docs a try and see if it doesn’t become a must-use for all of your Trello boards.
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How to add notes and documents to Trello
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The File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Report gives in-depth insights on statistics and information on developments, technological advancements of top Key Players along with growth revenue. Top Key Players are- EFileCabinet, Bitrix, Droplr, Google, Citrix Systems, FileInvite
“Final Report will add the analysis of the impact of COVID-19 on this industry.”
Global “File Sharing and Document Management Software Market” Growth Research 2023-2029 delivers valuable insights on business opportunities, challenges, trends and restraints of top manufacturers. This report provides exhaustive coverage on geographical segmentation, latest demand scope, growth rate analysis with industry revenue and CAGR status. File Sharing and Document Management Software market research gives qualitative and quantitative analysis about business profiles, investment opportunities, development plans, and industry size, share valuations across all regions.
Get a sample PDF of the report at – https://www.marketresearchguru.com/enquiry/request-sample/21809030
The report covers extensive analysis of the key market players in the market, along with their business overview, expansion plans, and strategies. The key players studied in the report include:
The report focuses on the File Sharing and Document Management Software market size, segment size (mainly covering product type, application, and geography), competitor landscape, recent status, and development trends. Furthermore, the report provides detailed cost analysis, supply chain. Technological innovation and advancement will further optimize the performance of the product, making it more widely used in downstream applications. Moreover, Consumer behavior analysis and market dynamics (drivers, restraints, opportunities) provides crucial information for knowing the File Sharing and Document Management Software market.
Get a sample PDF of the File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Report
The Research Report delivers knowledge about sales quality, sales value and different brands related to top market players with highest number of market tables and figures at a guaranteed best price. Additionally, it comes with exhaustive coverage of post pandemic forces that are likely to impact the File Sharing and Document Management Software Market growth. The overview of report contents includes market dynamics, market share information, analysis of smaller companies, investment plans, merger and acquisition, gross margin, demand supply, import-export, covering key market segmentation that includes by types, applications, end-user, and regions.
Most important types of File Sharing and Document Management Software products covered in this report are:
Most widely used downstream fields of File Sharing and Document Management Software market covered in this report are:
Inquire or Share Your Questions If Any Before the Purchasing This Report – https://www.marketresearchguru.com/enquiry/pre-order-enquiry/21809030
Following Chapter Covered in the File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Research:
Chapter 1 provides an overview of File Sharing and Document Management Software market, containing global revenue and CAGR. The forecast and analysis of File Sharing and Document Management Software market by type, application, and region are also presented in this chapter.
Chapter 2 is about the market landscape and major players. It provides competitive situation and market concentration status along with the basic information of these players.
Chapter 3 introduces the industrial chain of File Sharing and Document Management Software. Industrial chain analysis, raw material (suppliers, price, supply and demand, market concentration rate) and downstream buyers are analyzed in this chapter.
Chapter 4 concentrates on manufacturing analysis, including cost structure analysis and process analysis, making up a comprehensive analysis of manufacturing cost.
Chapter 5 provides clear insights into market dynamics, the influence of COVID-19 in File Sharing and Document Management Software industry, consumer behavior analysis.
Chapter 6 provides a full-scale analysis of major players in File Sharing and Document Management Software industry. The basic information, as well as the profiles, applications and specifications of products market performance along with Business Overview are offered.
Chapter 7 pays attention to the sales, revenue, price and gross margin of File Sharing and Document Management Software in markets of different regions. The analysis on sales, revenue, price and gross margin of the global market is covered in this part.
Chapter 8 gives a worldwide view of File Sharing and Document Management Software market. It includes sales, revenue, price, market share and the growth rate by type.
Chapter 9 focuses on the application of File Sharing and Document Management Software, by analyzing the consumption and its growth rate of each application.
Chapter 10 prospects the whole File Sharing and Document Management Software market, including the global sales and revenue forecast, regional forecast. It also foresees the File Sharing and Document Management Software market by type and application.
Geographically, the report includes the research on production, consumption, revenue, market share and growth rate, and forecast (2016 -2026) of the following regions:
To Understand How Covid-19 Impact Is Covered in This Report – https://marketresearchguru.com/enquiry/request-covid19/21809030
The report delivers a comprehensive study of all the segments and shares information regarding the leading regions in the market. This report also states import/export consumption, supply and demand Figures, cost, industry share, policy, price, revenue, and gross margins.
Some of the key questions answered in this report:
Purchase this Report (Price 3450 USD for a Single-User License) –https://marketresearchguru.com/purchase/21809030
Detailed TOC of File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Forecast Report 2022-2029:
1 File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Overview
1.1 Product Overview and Scope of File Sharing and Document Management Software
1.2 Segment by Type
1.3 Global Segment by Application
1.4 Global Market, Region Wise (2017-2022)
1.5 Global Market Size of File Sharing and Document Management Software (2017-2029)
2 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Landscape by Player
2.1 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Sales and Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.2 Global Revenue and Market Share by Player (2017-2022)
2.3 Global Average Price by Player (2017-2022)
2.4 Global Gross Margin by Player (2017-2022)
2.5 Manufacturing Base Distribution, Sales Area and Product Type by Player
2.6 Market Competitive Situation and Trends
3 File Sharing and Document Management Software Upstream and Downstream Analysis
3.1 Industrial Chain Analysis
3.2 Key Raw Materials Suppliers and Price Analysis
3.3 Key Raw Materials Supply and Demand Analysis
3.4 Manufacturing Process Analysis
3.5 Market Concentration Rate of Raw Materials
3.6 Downstream Buyers
3.7 Value Chain Status Under COVID-19
4 File Sharing and Document Management Software Manufacturing Cost Analysis
4.1 Manufacturing Cost Structure Analysis
4.2 File Sharing and Document Management Software Key Raw Materials Cost Analysis
4.3 Labor Cost Analysis
4.4 Energy Costs Analysis
4.5 RandD Costs Analysis
5 Market Dynamics
5.1 Drivers
5.2 Restraints and Challenges
5.3 Opportunities
5.3.1 Advances in Innovation and Technology for File Sharing and Document Management Software
5.3.2 Increased Demand in Emerging Markets
5.4 File Sharing and Document Management Software Industry Development Trends under COVID-19 Outbreak
5.4.1 Global COVID-19 Status Overview
5.4.2 Influence of COVID-19 Outbreak on File Sharing and Document Management Software Industry Development
5.5 Consumer Behavior Analysis
6 Players Profiles
6.1 Company A
6.1.1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.1.2 File Sharing and Document Management Software Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.1.3 File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.1.4 Business Overview
6.2 Company B
6.2.1 Basic Information, Manufacturing Base, Sales Area and Competitors
6.2.2 File Sharing and Document Management Software Product Profiles, Application and Specification
6.2.3 File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Performance (2017-2022)
6.2.4 Business Overview
7 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Sales and Revenue Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.1 Global Sales and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.2 Global Revenue (Revenue) and Market Share, Region Wise (2017-2022)
7.3 Global Sales, Revenue, Price and Gross Margin (2017-2022)
8 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Sales, Revenue (Revenue), Price Trend by Type
8.1 Global Sales and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.2 Global Revenue and Market Share by Type (2017-2022)
8.3 Global Price by Type (2017-2022)
8.4 Global Sales Growth Rate by Type (2017-2022)
9 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Analysis by Application
9.1 Global Consumption and Market Share by Application (2017-2022)
9.2 Global Consumption Growth Rate by Application (2017-2022)
10 Global File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Forecast (2022-2029)
10.1 Global Sales, Revenue Forecast (2022-2029)
10.2 Global Sales and Revenue Forecast, Region Wise (2022-2029)
10.3 Global Sales, Revenue and Price Forecast by Type (2022-2029)
10.4 Global Consumption Forecast by Application (2022-2029)
10.5 File Sharing and Document Management Software Market Forecast Under COVID-19
11 Research Findings and Conclusion
12 Appendix
12.1 Methodology
12.2 Research Data Source
For Detailed TOC – https://marketresearchguru.com/TOC/21809030#TOC
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Richard Stuart-Turner
Wednesday, January 18, 2023
Grafenia has taken another step away from print after acquiring Care Management Systems (CMS), a provider of care home management software and systems, on a debt free/cash free basis.
The total consideration of £3.5m for the Bristol-based business will be satisfied in cash. The acquisition, which was announced today (18 January), is expected to be cash flow generative and earnings enhancing in the first year after the acquisition.
The initial consideration comprises cash of £2.975m to be paid on completion, together with deferred consideration of £525,000 to be paid on the first anniversary.
CMS’ care home management software, CareDocs, was initially developed by brothers Jonathan and Kristopher Ann in 2004 as an in-house platform for use in a care home owned by family members.
After realising the commercial potential for CareDocs, CMS was founded in 2008 and now licenses its products and services to over 800 hundred care homes around the UK. Approximately 95% of CMS’ revenues arise from annual recurring fees.
CMS has an established management team and currently employs 27 staff. Jonathan and Kristopher Ann resigned on completion of the transaction, with Jonathan remaining on a part-time consultancy basis for three months to oversee the handover and completion of certain projects.
The unaudited financial statements for CMS for the year ended 28 February 2022 reported revenue of £2.45m, EBIT of £120,000 and closing net assets of £1.3m.
Grafenia said CMS met its acquisition criteria by being a software business and having a prominent position in its vertical market.
Gavin Cockerill, acting CEO of Grafenia, said: “The acquisition of CMS is our third this financial year. It marks another step forwards in our transformation plan. Becoming a serial acquirer of vertical market software businesses. We’re thrilled to add CMS and welcome its team to Grafenia’s growing portfolio.”
Jonathan Ann added: “When Kristopher and I set about developing the CareDocs solution we didn’t envisage growing a company that would establish itself as a leading supplier to care homes in the UK. We’re delighted to hand over the reins to the CMS management team and look forward to seeing the business develop under Grafenia’s ownership.”
Grafenia acquired document management software firm Watermark Technologies in December. It also issued an additional £3.2m of new bonds to support its acquisition strategy last month.
Grafenia’s share price was up by nearly 9% in early trading today to 7.75p, a 52-week high.
Printweek welcomes informed debate, but all comments must comply with our house rules which can be read here: A-Z of using the Printweek forums
Grafenia has issued an additional £3.2m of new bonds to support its acquisition strategy.
Grafenia has acquired another small software business and has ambitions to expand its reach.
Grafenia has posted its first results that reflect the sale of its manufacturing operations.
Grafenia is planning to raise £4.25m for software buys, with an agreement already in place to…
© MA Business Limited 2023. Published by MA Business Limited, St Jude’s Church, Dulwich Road, London, SE24 0PB, a company registered in England and Wales no. 06779864. MA Business is part of the Mark Allen Group .

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TORONTO, July 18, 2022 /CNW/ – Today, the newly formed company, Unison Software Inc., announces its intention to assist the financial services industries in Canada by improving businesses’ connectivity, user workflows, and developing new systems to meet identified business needs.
Unison Software has acquired industry leading technologies to support mortgage broker and brokerage operations and is delighted to be supporting TMG The Mortgage Group, a national, full-service mortgage brokerage company in Canada, who are in turn supporting a network of professional, independent mortgage agents and brokers.
Unison will be led by President and CEO, Paul Taylor. Prior to joining Unison, Taylor was President and CEO of Mortgage Professionals Canada, a national mortgage industry association, and prior to that was Vice President of Brovada Technologies, a company that championed improved efficiency, delivering insurance broker to insurer connectivity and real-time workflows.
“TMG’s Hurricane platform already provides incredible workflow efficiency and secure document management for the brokers in its network,” said Taylor. “Unison Software will enhance these systems further, to include lender connectivity and pre-submission underwriting, significantly improving the broker customers’ experience and systems ease-of-use. I’m very excited to return to the technology space and expand the capabilities of Unison’s existing products, with a long term goal of providing solutions to all financial industry verticals.”
“We’re delighted to partner with Unison Software to provide the focus, capacity and technical expertise to deliver next generation functionality to our systems and users,” said Mark Kerzner, President and CEO of TMG The Mortgage Group. “TMG staff and brokers can rest assured that, collectively, we are dedicated to continuing to provide industry leading support, data and workflow products to improve the efficiencies and productivity of our brokers while improving the overall broker experience for Canadian consumers.”
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For further information: email [email protected] or call Unison Software at 905-334-1154
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Life Sciences Industry  Honeywell
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Physical presence taps into the region’s rich talent and strong growth
TORONTO–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Nitro Software, a global leader in eSignatures and PDF document productivity SaaS solutions for business, announced today a significant milestone in its ongoing expansion in North America, with the opening of its first physical office in Toronto, Canada.

The move reflects Nitro’s commitment to the Canadian market, which is rich in both talent and growth opportunities, and an onsite presence will support the company’s large roster of Canadian customers while attracting new business. Nitro has been active in the Canadian market for more than a decade, with major customers including Canadian Tire and World Vision Canada.
The launch of the Toronto office comes at a critical time for the company as it continues to expand its global workforce. Founded in Australia in 2005, the Nitro team is now 350+ strong across four continents serving more than 13,000 business customers with its powerful SaaS offering. Nitro was also recently recognized as a top three leader in the global eSignature market¹.
The new location at 170 University Avenue in Toronto’s Financial District offers an 8,350 square-foot office and will host approximately 20% of Nitro’s global hybrid employees that are based in Canada, with additional space for forthcoming new hires.
Nitro’s Chief Executive Officer, Sam Chandler, said: “The opening of our Toronto office is a clear demonstration of our growing commitment to the Canadian market – both to serving our existing customers and to attracting new business. We are excited to be a part of the Toronto region’s vibrant entrepreneurial culture, with its deep bench of tech talent and commitment to technology research and innovation.”
“Our government is thrilled that Nitro has chosen to expand into Ontario for its Canadian headquarters, and we want to congratulate them on this milestone,” said Vic Fedeli, Ontario Minister of Economic Development, Job Creation and Trade. “Ontario’s deep talent pool, strong postsecondary institutions, vibrant innovation and tech ecosystem and competitive business costs make our province an ideal place for investment. Nitro is a welcome addition to our rich tech sector, creating high-quality jobs for our talented residents, and contributing significant economic benefits to the Toronto Region.”
“I’m pleased to welcome Nitro to Toronto, joining our world-class technology sector, demonstrating a commitment to growth in the region, and making a large investment in our diverse and skilled talent pipeline,” said Toronto Mayor John Tory. “Nitro’s mission to digitally transform businesses is a welcome addition to our innovative business community, and I look forward to watching the company grow and thrive in Toronto.”
​​Nitro worked closely with Toronto Global to expand into the Toronto Region.
To celebrate the opening of the new office, Nitro’s leadership team will be onsite for a grand opening ribbon cutting ceremony at 4:30pm ET today, July 13.
To learn more, please visit: https://www.gonitro.com/
About Nitro Software
Nitro (ASX: NTO) is a global SaaS leader in PDF document management and eSigning. Nitro’s Productivity Platform includes powerful PDF tools, digital workflow automation, highly secure eSigning and identity capabilities. Its industry-leading analytics solution measures and quantifies ROI, usage, and sustainability impact. With a best-in-class customer success team, Nitro supports more than 67% of the Fortune 500, 3 million licensed users and 13,000+ business customers across 157 countries. For more information, visit: https://www.gonitro.com/.
About Toronto Global
Toronto Global’s team of experienced business advisors work to help international companies access the most dynamic and innovative region in the world. We actively seek global companies interested in expanding to the Toronto Region and connect investors with the right opportunities that will facilitate the successful growth of their business. As an arms-length organization representing the Cities of Mississauga, Brampton and Toronto, and the Regional Municipalities of Durham, York, and Halton, we work with our partners in the Ontario and Canadian governments to provide a comprehensive, customized service that allows for a smooth transition for international companies wishing to do business here. Toronto Global is dedicated to understanding our clients’ business needs and delivering tailored, innovative solutions that will set the stage for their success in the Toronto Region.
¹ 2022 “GigaOm Radar for E-Signature Solutions”, Bill Witter, March 25, 2022
Nitro Software
media@gonitro.com
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Back to Journals » Clinical Ophthalmology » Volume 17
Authors O’Connell A, Stephenson KAJ, Flitcroft I
Received 4 October 2022
Accepted for publication 20 December 2022
Published 20 January 2023 Volume 2023:17 Pages 291—302
DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S387098
Checked for plagiarism Yes
Review by Single anonymous peer review
Peer reviewer comments 2
Editor who approved publication: Dr Scott Fraser
Ann O’Connell, Kirk AJ Stephenson, Ian Flitcroft

Ophthalmology Department, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street Hospital, Dublin, Ireland

Correspondence: Ann O’Connell, Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland, Tel +353 1 8784200, Email [email protected]

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of clinical protocol change via active minimisation on the number of general anaesthetic (GA)/sedation episodes for diagnostic ophthalmic purposes at Children’s Health Ireland at Temple Street (CHI-TS), Dublin, Ireland, from 2016 to 2019, inclusive. Change was implemented following published cautionary principles in 2016 by the FDA regarding the potential neurotoxic risk from multiple GA exposure in children.
Methods: Retrospective analysis of electronic operating theatre records was completed using procedure codes “Ophthalmological examination” and “Examination of fundi”. Available records for patients undergoing multiple examination under anaesthesia (EUA) procedures were assessed for demographics, indication. Comparison was made regarding overall EUA numbers and breakdown for each year, before and after the new departmental approach. From 2018 onward, a patient-centred, departmental strategy of active minimisation of EUA was adopted, using strategies of “training, technology and patience”. A literature review was conducted using online databases.
Results: A total of 450 EUAs were performed over the 4 years investigated. In the former 2 years of the study period, prior to departmental policy change, EUAs represented 32% (304 of 948 total theatre episodes) of the ophthalmic theatre caseload. In the latter 2 years of this study period, this proportion fell to 19% (146 EUAs of 783 theatre episodes). Total theatre case numbers were comparable in both time periods. Eighteen children had multiple EUAs (ie, ≥ 2 EUAs, mean 6.5, SD 2.9) for life/sight threatening indications, totalling 116 EUAs (25.7%).
Conclusion: A significant reduction in diagnostic EUA volume was accomplished resulting in reduced individual patient risk and increased capacity for surgical interventions. A detailed description of this methodology is included for the purposes of replication at comparable units. EUA will continue to play a crucial role in the management of life/sight threatening conditions but the application of a cautionary principle to reduce EUA, where possible, is appropriate to reduce potential for neurotoxicity.

Keywords: paediatric ophthalmology, general anaesthesia, developmental neurotoxicity, ophthalmology, examination under anaesthesia, paediatric anaesthesiology

In recent years, there has been growing discussion concerning the potential risk of neurotoxicity in paediatric patients exposed to multiple general anaesthetics (GA). In 2016, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued an advisory notice on this topic.¹ Following this, the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (APAGBI) produced a guidance document in 2017 regarding a potential association between multiple or prolonged GA and neurotoxicity.² Their recommendations were to limit exposure (volume and duration) to GA for this population, though specialty-specific guidelines are not universally available. The use of GA in paediatric ophthalmology can be divided into diagnostic examination under anaesthesia (EUA), and therapeutic. A coordinated focus on the considered and judicious use of EUA, which forms a significant proportion of GA volume in the specialty, would reduce overall GA burden.
The safety of single and short (ie, <1 hour) exposure to GA in children, including the under 3 years age group, is supported by the available evidence regarding long-term neurocognitive outcomes.^3–5 Ophthalmic procedures in children are usually of limited duration and require a single GA. However, some studies suggest a heightened risk of neurodevelopmental injury with multiple exposures to GA.⁶
In certain life/sight threatening chronic conditions, multiple EUAs may be unavoidable where detailed conscious examination is often precluded in the paediatric age group.^7–10 Examples include cohorts at high risk for familial retinoblastoma (RB), where EUAs to facilitate “intensive” fundus screening may be needed as frequently as every 4 weeks.¹⁰ In congenital glaucoma or Coats’ disease, EUA (±treatment) is often required on a two to three monthly basis until the disease is controlled, with continued surveillance potentially required throughout childhood.^11–13
In the context of intellectual disability (ID), autism spectrum disorders (ASD), or concurrent illness, necessary elements of assessment like cycloplegic refraction, fundal examination or electrophysiology can be very difficult in the awake patient, necessitating sedation or GA.^7,14–16 Ophthalmic manifestations may be an identifying feature of paediatric multisystem disease^17–19 with these children often requiring repeated comprehensive assessments.
Is there an identifiable subset of potentially avoidable EUAs, in spite of the challenging clinical context of many paediatric ophthalmic assessments? The establishment of general guidelines regarding indications for, goals of, and recommended intervals for EUA in paediatric ophthalmology would be instrumental in raising awareness amongst physicians of potential neurotoxicity, potentially reducing the GA burden on this vulnerable patient group. Freedom to deviate from such guidelines is essential as life- and sight-threatening conditions do not always obey protocols.
Potential strategies identified at our unit to reduce EUA burden utilise the principles of “technology, training, and patience.” Embracing novel equipment such as the iCare tonometer (Centrevue SPA, Finland) and wide field Optos retinal photography (Optos plc, UK) contribute useful information within the window of cooperation of a small child.^20,21 Clinician training in techniques such as Mohindra retinoscopy (ie, non-cycloplegic refraction in a darker environment) may be less overwhelming and more tolerable in certain situations (eg, ASD) thus obviating GA. Education on practice guideline updates was continuous, with a particular emphasis on those that may reduce EUA/GA burden. A trial of awake visual electrodiagnostic testing (EDT) in an abridged paediatric protocol may be appropriate in the first instance. A multi-visit approach, underpinned by patience, persistence, and child-centredness, may allow adequate data gathering without the risks to the patient or the influence of GA on data quality/interpretation.^22,23
Using these principles and cognisant of the potential neurodevelopmental toxicity risk of repeated GA, our unit adopted a policy of active minimisation of EUA volume for ophthalmic purposes commencing in 2018. This paper presents an audit of the effect of this clinical policy change, demonstrating significant reductions in overall and individual volume of EUAs. A detailed discussion of the clinical methodology used and a literature review of neurotoxicity risk due to paediatric GA is presented. Herein, we discuss the fundamental concept that GA may not always be required to clinically evaluate the uncooperative child and should be used judiciously to safeguard normal neurodevelopment.
Retrospective analysis of anonymised operating theatre records at CHI-TS was completed from 2016 to 2019 inclusive. Both the total number of GA/sedation episodes and the proportion carried out for diagnostic ophthalmic purposes under Hospital In-Patient Enquiry system codes “Ophthalmological examination” and “Examination of fundi” were identified. This data set was generated using electronic record programmes Ormis (Dedalus, Italy), the Integrated Patient Management System and with the collaboration of the Information Communications Technology department of CHI-TS.
Available records were assessed for patient demographics, type of GA (ie, EUA vs procedure) and indication. A comparison was made between each year regarding overall GA use and breakdown. This audit was approved by the CHI-TS institutional clinical audit review group (CA2012-05) and adhered to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Individual patient written consent was not required due to the anonymised nature of the dataset collected. All data was collected and stored in compliance with national General data protection legislation (GDPR).
Active minimisation involved a patient-centred “training, technology and patience” strategy, employed in the outpatient setting. Suitable cases of children with non-emergent, non-life-threatening and non-immediately sight threatening disease were identified at the point of care who may otherwise have proceeded to EUA in the first instance for completion of their ophthalmic assessment. Specific methods under the heading of “training” employed to actively minimise EUAs where possible were 1. Upskilling staff in the use of the Mohindra retinoscopy technique. It was trialled for the assessment of patients with intellectual disability/ASD requiring accurate refraction, 2. Departmental guidelines were updated to reflect the most up-to-date information from the literature (eg, deferral of nasolacrimal duct (NLD) probing/intubation until at least after 1 year of age). 3. Staff training in the utility of newly available investigations (eg, pedigree testing in RB to inform sibling surveillance intervals). Under the heading of “technology”, active minimisation strategies involved the introduction of novel equipment to our department, namely, iCare rebound tonometry, optical coherence tomography (OCT) and Optos wide field colour photography for rapid image acquisition. “Patience” was employed by 1. Gathering information over a multi-visit approach, and 2. Awake EDT was attempted in the first instance, conducted by an experienced senior electrophysiologist. 3. In advance of appointments and when available, children were invited to utilise the new departmental “sensory room”, in order to maximise patient acclimatisation to the clinical environment, promoting comfort and calm. In-depth discussion of the practicalities of implementation of the above methods and the literature providing rationale for their use is found below in the “Discussion” section.
Available literature on GA-associated neurotoxicity in paediatric populations was examined. Literature review was conducted using PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane databases and Google Scholar. Combinations of Medical subject headings (MeSH), their synonyms and international spelling equivalents were used (Table 1). Key core search terms were “ophthalmology”, “paediatrics”, “anaesthesia”, “neurotoxicity” and “risk”. Further refined searches were carried out, substituting “ophthalmology” with “dentistry”, “radiology”, “ENT” and their respective alternative international equivalent terms and synonyms. Comparably to ophthalmology, these subspecialties typically carry out EUAs in the paediatric population of our institution.

Table 1 Results Used for Statistical Analysis

Table 1 Results Used for Statistical Analysis
EUAs constituted 35.2% of ophthalmic theatre episodes (187/532 GAs) in 2016 and 28.1% (117/416 GAs) in 2017. This reduced to 18.1% (67/371 GAs) in 2018 and 19.1% (79/412 GAs) in 2019.
Overall, in the former half of the study period, 2016 to 2017 inclusive, prior to departmental policy change regarding timing/use of EUAs, 304 EUAs represented 32% of the total 948 episodes in the ophthalmic theatre.
In the latter 2 years of this study period (2018 and 2019), EUAs fell to 19% (146 EUAs of 783 theatre episodes). It is noted that total theatre case numbers were comparable in both time periods (Figure 1).

Figure 1 Proportion of examination under anaesthesia (EUA) procedures (blue) and non-EUA procedures (Orange) as proportions of total number of paediatric ophthalmology theatre procedures from 2016–2019. Note the decreasing proportion of EUAs across the study period representing active policy change in EUA booking. Abbreviation: EUA, examination under anaesthetic.

Figure 1 Proportion of examination under anaesthesia (EUA) procedures (blue) and non-EUA procedures (Orange) as proportions of total number of paediatric ophthalmology theatre procedures from 2016–2019. Note the decreasing proportion of EUAs across the study period representing active policy change in EUA booking.
Abbreviation: EUA, examination under anaesthetic.
A total of 450 EUAs were performed across the 4-year study period, 68% (304/450) of which were performed in the first half of the study. Of these, 116 EUAs (25.7% of all GAs over 4 years) were accounted for by the 18 children who had ≥2 EUAs (mean 6.5 EUAs, SD 2.9). Regarding individual case breakdown, eight of these children had RB (44%), five had glaucoma including Peters anomaly (28%), four had Coats’ Disease (22%) and one was unknown due to unattainable hard copy clinical records (6%) (Figure 2).

Figure 2 Case breakdown of those that underwent multiple (≥2) EUAs, n = 18, during the study period, 2016–2019. Abbreviations: RB, Retinoblastoma; Coats’, Coats’ disease.

Figure 2 Case breakdown of those that underwent multiple (≥2) EUAs, n = 18, during the study period, 2016–2019.
Abbreviations: RB, Retinoblastoma; Coats’, Coats’ disease.
Four children had 8 or more diagnostic procedures (mean 10 procedures, SD 1.6), all of these occurring in the first 2 years of the study period. Two of these were RB cases (50%), one glaucoma (25%) and the other unknown (25%) (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Case breakdown of those that underwent 8 or more EUAs (n = 4). Abbreviation: RB, Retinoblastoma.

Figure 3 Case breakdown of those that underwent 8 or more EUAs (n = 4).
Abbreviation: RB, Retinoblastoma.
The statistical significance of the change in numbers of EUAs over the four-year period was examined using the Chi-square test with the null hypothesis that there was no difference in the number of EUAs vs non-EUA cases over the four-year period (Table 1). This analysis showed that the change in EUA numbers over the four-year period was statistically significant (Chi-squared = 46.27, n = 1731, df = 3, p-value <0.00001).
Literature review search for GA-associated neurotoxicity in paediatric populations yielded a total of 3196 search results. Search terms and combinations are outlined in Table 2. Only published peer-reviewed data were included. Abstracts and non-English language articles were excluded.

Table 2 Literature Search Terms

Table 2 Literature Search Terms
On refined search, there were no systematic reviews, meta-analyses, review articles or randomised controlled trials specific to the subspecialties of ophthalmology, radiology, dentistry or ENT identified. On further search, three articles were relevant to the clinical question posed; one randomized controlled trial, and two review articles.^3,4,24 Individual trials of relevance and interest were identified from manual analysis of reference lists of the above literature searches.
A significant reduction in diagnostic EUA volume was accomplished by the CHI-TS ophthalmology department between 2016 and 2019. The proportion represented by EUAs of total theatre cases decreased from 35.2% and 28.1% in the first two years to 18.1% and 19.1% in the latter two years. There is an increase in total cases between 2018 and 2019 (ie, 371 to 412). Thus, assuming the same proportion of EUAs in both years it would be expected that there would be a small increase in number of EUAs also (Table 1).
This reduction in total number of EUAs and their proportion of total ophthalmic surgical throughput was achieved utilising the minimally invasive and innovative “technology, training and patience” strategies which resulted in a reduced burden of exposure to GA in our patient group. This did not represent reduced productivity, but rather redistribution of resources (ie, maximizing examination options in clinic) and reserving finite operating theatre resources for therapeutic interventions. As total theatre episodes were comparable in both time periods, this represents a greater proportion of interventions per annum. Thus, reduction of EUA volume not only reduces the potential neurotoxic burden, enhancing quality of care for the individual child but could also increase capacity for surgical interventions; we see non-EUA procedures make up a larger proportion of total theatre cases in the latter half of this study. Though not formally evaluated here, we postulate this could indirectly contribute to reduced waiting lists for the whole ophthalmic paediatric population and additionally carry an associated healthcare cost benefit associated with reduction in EUA/GA episodes.²⁵
EUAs and therapeutic surgical interventions are not undertaken for trivial reasons and clinicians generally aim to reduce their number, postpone, or avoid GAs altogether whenever possible. There is growing international interest in the identification of safe and effective alternatives to GA for EUA.²⁶ The initiatives employed in this study may be of relevance and benefit to other comparable paediatric ophthalmology units, similarly endeavoring to reduce the burden of avoidable EUAs in the evaluation of the paediatric patient. To this end, a detailed description is provided herein.
Firstly, this involved embracing the advent of new technologies to provide less invasive evaluation options, where available. iCare rebound tonometry was incorporated at the initial Nurse-led assessment for all clinic patients, following staff education in its use (also demonstrating the second “training” element). Measurement takes place following a brief clinical history, gross ophthalmic inspection, visual acuity measurement and crucially before potentially uncomfortable dilating drops are instilled that risk loss of the child’s cooperation. Valuable IOP measurement is gathered painlessly, at this point of potential maximal cooperation, and before children become unduly fatigued awaiting physician assessment.
Experienced ophthalmic nurses used this opportunity to identify those with previous recorded difficulty with cycloplegic drop instillation or awake refraction. This can be especially relevant in children with ID, chromosomal abnormalities (eg, Children with Trisomy 21, in whom atropine may be contraindicated, though evidence is conflicting^27,28) or ASD who have concurrent refractive error. If suitable and with parental input, a trial of Mohindra refraction in the clinic setting can be offered.^29,30 In this instance, physician training was required in the use of this technique, which utilises a darkened room with only the retinoscope light to focus on. It is performed at a working distance of 50cm and conventionally involves a corrective subtraction of +1.25D from the final objective spherical result. Advantages include a calm, darkened, less overwhelming environment for children susceptible to overstimulation and distraction. Additionally, it dispenses with the need for cycloplegic pharmacological agents, with their potential for associated ocular discomfort on instillation and other undesired affects.^31,32 Anecdotally, this technique, originally described in 1975 by Mohindra,³³ has proven useful to obviate the need for refraction under GA/EUA for a number of cases. Engaging the “training and patience” strategies, parents were upskilled in instillation and effects of cycloplegic drops for select cases. When administered as “home dilation” time could elapse for any associated distress to have resolved by the time of examination, while the effects of the drops persist.
Departmental training included dissemination of updated guidelines. These include avoidance of NLD intubation until after 1 year of age in congenital NLD obstruction, which has a high rate of spontaneous resolution by this time.³⁴ Genetic pedigree analysis of siblings with RB informs and potentially lengthens their fundal examination screening intervals, if required at all.³⁵
Technological advances in ophthalmic imaging systems such as the RetCam (Clarity Medical Systems, India) and ultra-widefield retinal imaging [Optos and Zeiss Clarus 500 (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG, Germany)]^20,21,36,37 have led to faster acquisition times, in the setting of the potentially narrow window of a child’s cooperation. Exciting advances suggest that integration of artificial intelligence software into RetCam could be utilised in the diagnosis/classification of ROP on site or remotely,³⁸ potentially further reducing EUA burden.
EUA is used as standard for EDT in other international settings,³⁹ or under sedation with quoted rates of 70% requiring pharmacological measures.⁴⁰ As part of the “patience” strategy, EDT was initially trialled awake, overseen by the senior departmental electrophysiologist. Prior to testing (and indeed before all clinical assessment or investigations, eg, Optos photography/OCT imaging) children were invited to spend time in the departmental sensory room, when time allowed. This is a dedicated, relaxed space incorporating fibre-optics, bubble tubes, tactile objects and soft seating to allow immersion in a comfortable environment. We observed a calming effect for our patients, promoting increased cooperation, mirroring published data.^41,42 In the setting of minimal cooperation, prioritising of tests as per clinical indication guided their running order and acquisition speed. Children were allowed time to acclimatise to the dark environment and bottle feeding/cartoon watching on mobile devices were utilised as distraction techniques for electrode placement. All tests were performed according to International society of clinical electrophysiology and vision (ISCEV) guidelines.⁴³ Benefits were observed particularly in children with ID/ASD/sensory processing issues or behavioural challenges. We feel this has contributed to the overall success in obtaining clinically relevant data without the need for EUA, but it is acknowledged that this is a difficult metric to formally measure and further study/audit is required. A conscious drive to reduce EUA/GA burden by promoting alternatives such as chloral hydrate sedation for EDT, among other ophthalmic procedures, is described in literature.^26,44 However, this is not a strategy available at our unit to date.
In ophthalmic conditions that were neither life- nor sight-threatening, a new approach by departmental staff was taken to attempt clinical data gathering over several visits, if necessary, rather than defaulting automatically to EUA/GA. This multi-visit approach, underpinned by patience, persistence, and child-centredness, often allowed adequate data gathering without the risks to the patient or the influence of GA on the data quality/interpretation.
Those that underwent multiple EUAs were accounted for in the case breakdown by the life and sight threatening conditions discussed earlier. This underpins the crucial role EUAs will likely always play in this cohort of conditions in paediatric ophthalmology. Of note, some, if not all, of the RB and glaucoma cases who underwent 8 or more EUAs may have had a therapeutic intervention during these encounters. Pre-procedure parental discussion/consent is essential to provide the option to examine and treat concurrently, preventing the need to return for a further, delayed GA. This also confers benefit in affording earlier intervention and better outcomes in time-sensitive or progressive conditions. Many cases of RB requiring radio- or chemotherapy are referred from CHI-TS to a subspecialising UK centre. Thus, the true volume for this vulnerable patient group is not completely captured here. Specialists caring for such malignant or imminently sight-threatening pathology will necessarily carry the disproportionate burden of EUA/GAs and this should be borne in mind when evaluating any similar audit results at comparable centres.
No individual anaesthetic agent, delivery method, or combination of agents to date has conclusively demonstrated neuroprotective or more potent neurotoxic effects over another in the context of multiple GA exposures.^2,45,46 “Balanced anaesthesia” is achieved through small and safe doses from 3 categories of drugs (ie, analgesic, anaesthetic and muscle relaxation drugs) during the three key phases of induction, maintenance, and emergence. The underpinning concept is maximizing the beneficial effects of each agent while avoiding potential adverse effects associated with larger doses of any single agent.
Pain itself has a neurotoxic effect^47,48 and must be balanced with the increased risk (apnoea, respiratory depression, tolerance, and hypoxia) of intraoperative analgesic agents (eg, opioids including fentanyl). Increased fentanyl concentrations are found in the brain tissue of neonates and young infants due to an immature blood-brain barrier⁴⁵ through direct causation with neurotoxic injury has not been established.⁴⁹
Most elective paediatric GA in Ireland are typically managed with inhalational sevoflurane/isoflurane ±nitrous oxide for induction and maintenance^50,51 When induction and maintenance of anaesthesia is through IV agents this is referred to as “total intravenous anaesthesia” (TIVA) and is preferentially employed in certain circumstances (eg, history of severe post-operative nausea and vomiting, certain day case procedures, trainee teaching, anticipated difficult airway management, etc.).⁵² TIVA can involve a combination of agents with synergistic effects, eg, remifentanil potentiates the effects of propofol, reducing required propofol dose by ~50%.⁵³ It has not been established if TIVA can offer a reduced neurotoxic risk over inhalational methods; however, lower required drug doses would imply less risk.
There exists considerable controversy on this question, with conflicting published data.
Animal studies (eg, nematodes, rodents, and primates) have demonstrated histopathological changes in their developing brains following GA exposure. Proposed mechanisms include apoptotic injury, reactive oxygen species damage, neuroinflammation, and variable expression at N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) and γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) receptors. Virtually all anaesthetic agents in common clinical practice are implicated, exerting effects as NMDA antagonists (eg, ketamine, nitrous oxide) and GABA agonists (eg, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, propofol, volatile anaesthetics)⁵⁴ It is difficult to extrapolate these findings to the developing human brain for several reasons and thankfully these findings have failed to replicate in human studies.^2,55
The GA compared to Spinal anaesthesia in infancy (GAS) trial is the only randomised controlled trial evaluating neurotoxicity risk with GA in children. It compared two groups of approximately 350 children randomised to undergo awake-regional anaesthesia or sevoflurane-based GA for elective hernia repair. Supplemental anaesthetic agents were not allowed in the GA group. The surgery duration was <1 hour. It demonstrates that sevoflurane held no additional neurotoxic risk over regional anaesthesia at five-year analysis, using intelligence quotient (IQ) scores as a comparative metric.⁴
The Paediatric Anaesthesia Neuro Development Assessment (PANDA) study was an ambidirectional, multicentre, sibling-matched cohort study in the United States between 2009 and 2015. Otherwise-healthy children who had one GA exposure for inguinal hernia repair before the age of 3 years were evaluated prospectively for IQ scores, neurocognitive, and neurobehavioral effects. These children, aged 8 to 15 years, were matched to a sibling within 36 months of their age who had no GA exposure. Anaesthetic agents used included volatile agents (eg, sevoflurane, isoflurane), IV agents (eg, propofol, thiopental, ketamine, midazolam, opioids) and adjunct caudal anaesthesia. There was no specific exploration of patient outcome according to the individual or combination of anaesthetic agents used. No statistically significant difference in the global cognitive/IQ scores of the exposed versus unexposed groups was demonstrated. Children who underwent multiple GA were not included.³
A similar Danish age-matched cohort study of 2689 children showed no difference in academic performance by age 15 or 16 years. Again, individual anaesthetic agents used in the exposure group were not analysed for relative risk.⁵⁴ A recent dentistry publication showed no difference in full-scale IQ scores, the primary outcome, when measured 6 months after awake-local anaesthesia procedures (n = 144) versus sevoflurane-based GA procedures (n = 129) in children under 7 years old.⁵⁶ This was despite the mean duration of these procedures being longer than 1 hour.
Most available evidence supports the neurodevelopmental safety of a single short (<1 hour) GA exposure in children, with most ophthalmic EUA/procedures falling within this criterion. However, not all studies concur. An Australian observational data linkage study in 2018 specifically aimed to minimise confounders. It found that children exposed to one hospitalisation and/or one GA before the age of 4 demonstrated lower numeracy scores on high school entry testing than those who had no exposure.⁵⁷ Further publications suggest statistically significant reduction in IQ, language comprehension, and cognition with a single GA exposure.^58,59 A limitation of the evidence above is a lack of standardisation between scoring methods and correction for confounders. Establishing direct causation is challenging.
The Mayo Anaesthesia Safety in Kids (MASK) study addressed neurodevelopmental outcomes from multiple GA exposure. IQ scores and neuropsychological assessments were taken as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. An association between GA exposure before age 3 and IQ was not demonstrated. However, those in the multiple exposure group demonstrated neuropsychological testing patterns associated with behavioural and learning difficulties, with modest reductions in cognitive processing speed and fine motor coordination.⁵
The Mayo Clinic published several large, retrospective, paediatric population-based cohort studies. In summary, those undergoing multiple GA at a young age had a significantly increased risk for the development of learning disability (LD) and/or attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at an older age. Wilder et al state that participants with no or one exposure to GA had no increased risk of LD development. However, 35% of those multiply exposed before 4 years of age developed LD by 19 years versus 20% of the unexposed. Sprung et al quote an incidence of 10.7% of ADHD by the age of 19 in those multiply exposed to GA before the age of 2 years versus 7.3% in the unexposed. Authors acknowledge that patients with LD may be overrepresented in this study due to active/detailed investigation for LD and above average retention of patients in their well-regarded local health services. Though children that require multiple procedures likely have a higher burden of illness, increasing their risk of LD, researchers remained unconvinced that increased risk was fully attributable to these non-GA-associated confounders.^60–63
The Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPC) was a United Kingdom (UK) cohort study enrolling 13,433 children and compared 46 neurocognitive outcomes after single and multiple exposure to GA. It revealed some important results, namely lower motor and linguistic skills in all those exposed regardless of number of exposures. Additionally, dynamic balance, and behavioural scores were lower in the multiply exposed.⁶⁴
Strengths of this study are the comparable 2-year period data sets from before and after the implementation of a new departmental strategy, allowing clear comparison of ophthalmic theatre use. Practical, patient centred methods to potentially reduce overall EUA numbers are generalisable and transferrable to most similarly equipped, tertiary paediatric ophthalmology departments. The technologies discussed are widely available at most European/North American centres. Analysis from the perspective of cost benefit was not carried out but would be expected to mirror the literature, demonstrating savings to the healthcare system for reduction of GA for EUA while reducing waiting lists for surgical interventions.²⁵
Limitations of this study include its relatively short follow up. The retrospective observational design means that the ophthalmic diagnosis of children who avoided EUA in the latter half of the study period were not captured here. Surgical theatre records were used to generate the data set, which do not always capture if therapeutic intervention was undertaken during the procedure. Further study including comprehensive chart review of all patients involved, including who underwent EUA and those in which it was deferred or avoided altogether is suggested. Formalised audit of the impact of individual methods used to reduce EUA burden would be helpful, eg, reduction in numbers of EDT events requiring reversion to GA following initial attempt at awake testing. However, due in part to a heavy reliance on hard-copy medical records, this information was not uniformly recorded in clinical notes. Rather, anecdotal comparison through staff interview was relied upon, with the possibility of recall bias, etc. However, overall, the above approaches are potentially useful data that would help identify cases suitable for EUA deferral/avoidance at other units who may wish to adopt a similar approach. Coming from an ophthalmic perspective, comprehensive markers of neurodevelopment/toxicity (eg, sibling-matched IQ) were not assessed and further study would be required to report future incidence/prevalence figures of neurotoxicity among those exposed in this study, acknowledging that causation is difficult to establish in the literature (eg, the effect of underlying medical conditions, multiple exposures to hospitalisation etc).
The PANDA, GAS and MASK studies demonstrate that single, short (<1 hour) exposure to GA in childhood confers minimal risk of neurodevelopmental injury.^3–5 However, the published data does not fully resolve the issue of the risk of neurotoxicity from ≥2 GA in the paediatric population.^57–59 All studies to date have been observational, apart from the GAS trial, which itself was limited regarding the neurotoxic risk through multiple exposures.⁴
Deliberate design of future studies is critical to attempt further clarification of neurodevelopmental risk from the individual factors (ie, patient, medication/pharmacological, surgical intervention) involved in GA. RCTs are difficult to power while maintaining the safety of the populace, and thus endpoints/outcome measures of case control/cohort studies⁶⁴ must be deliberately designed and validated. A 2019 review article emphasises that delay of elective surgery until after age 3 or 4 is preferable for risk mitigation while further work is carried out to determine the most vulnerable age ranges and if certain anaesthetic agents are less toxic within particular age groups.⁶⁵ Perhaps, a particular investigation will emerge as an objective and reproducible means of evaluating established neurotoxic damage or, better yet, to identify the most at-risk population before exposure. A small 2019 study by Oba et al suggested visually evoked potential (VEP) responses as an objective, reliable measurement of neurotoxicity in children multiply exposed to GA on at least 15 occasions during treatment for corrosive oesophagitis. VEPs were performed in awake patients at least 3 days post op and compared with those of children with no previous GA exposure exposed to GA.⁶⁶ A validated pre-EUA checklist may augment the decision-making process in a paediatric ophthalmology setting.
We have demonstrated significant reductions in EUAs through the application of a cautionary principle that repeated GA exposure in children may have deleterious neurocognitive effects over time. Active minimisation was achieved with the use of minimally invasive and innovative strategies for the evaluation of the paediatric patient such as new technology, updated training, and a multi-visit approach, thus leaving GA/EUA for unavoidable, challenging cases where the benefit outweighs potential risk. Reducing EUA/GA when possible, represents a common-sense, multidisciplinary teamwork approach between ophthalmologists and anaesthesiologists. Common goals are to minimise individual patient risk, maintain surgical list efficiency and reduce waiting lists. We believe the methods outlined adopted by our centre can be used to facilitate awake assessment of variably cooperative children in similarly equipped units internationally.
Is it advisable to discuss this potential issue with patients and parents, balancing this with the risk of causing unnecessary stress and fear? Some do advocate for this approach.⁶⁷ The current consensus of the anaesthesia community of Ireland and the UK is that a discussion on this topic is not mandatory for every preoperative consultation.²
Any potential for harm through clinical intervention will remain an area of great interest to paediatric ophthalmologists, balanced with avoidance of delay for vital diagnostic/therapeutic indications, as echoed in the 2017 amendment to the original FDA advisory.⁶⁸ Until this important clinical question can be definitively answered, all emerging evidence will be closely debated and scrutinised.
Anonymised data supporting the results reported in this manuscript are available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author.
Gillian O’Mullane – Head orthoptist/senior electrophysiologist and Sabrina Shanahan, Clinical nurse manager at the paediatric ophthalmology department, CHI-TS: data collection assistance and the ongoing, excellent care of study participants. Dr Aoife Doolan, Consultant Anaesthetist, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin: scholarly discussion contributing to the development of the article.
This study was non-interventional, involving the retrospective analysis of anonymised data, adhering to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
The authors have no competing interests to declare, financial or non-financial.
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Verified reviewers place Adept at the top for Best Usability, Fastest Implementation, Best Support, and Best Relationship
Verified reviewers place Synergis Adept engineering document management at the top for Best Usability, Fastest Implementation, Best Support, and Best Relationship (Graphic: Business Wire)
Verified reviewers place Synergis Adept engineering document management at the top for Best Usability, Fastest Implementation, Best Support, and Best Relationship (Graphic: Business Wire)

QUAKERTOWN, Pa.–(BUSINESS WIRE)–Synergis Software, a global leader in engineering document management and workflow solutions, announced today that Synergis Adept was named as a Leader in the Enterprise Content Management and Product Data Management categories in the G2 Spring 2022 Grid® Reports. G2 is a peer-to-peer business software review website that helps companies choose the best tools for their business. Products in the Leader quadrant are rated highly by verified users of the software product and have significant market presence scores.

According to G2’s 2022 Spring Reports, Adept software earned 18 G2 Badges with top placements for “Best Usability”, “Fastest Implementation”, “Ease of Setup”, “Ease of Admin”, and “Highest User Adoption”, and grade the company as “Easiest to do Business With” and “Best Support”—recognition Synergis has received consistently over the past seven quarters.
“These achievements reflect the experience we deliver with our software and the relationships we build with some of the world’s best companies,” says Scott Lamond, vice president of marketing at Synergis Software. “Delivering value in ways that are meaningful to our customers is our top priority, so the G2 results really matter to us. Our customers range from small to very large across varied industries, and they’re all part of the Synergis family. We’re grateful for their trust and inspired to bring them even greater value as we grow together.”
G2 highlights the value of Adept engineering document management software across three categories: Enterprise Content Management, Product Data Management, and Construction Drawing Management. G2 Spring 2022 badges include:
The G2 reports are based on direct customer feedback combined with G2’s unique algorithm that calculates customer satisfaction and market presence scores in real-time.
For more details about Adept in the G2 Spring 2022 Reports, visit our website.
Quotes from Verified Users about Synergis Adept
“Adept manages billions of dollars of digital assets containing priceless Dow intellectual property, with thousands of users across several dozen global sites.”
Teresa Yang, Product Manager, Document Management, Dow Chemical
“No other software company anywhere works as closely with their customers. The staff is incredibly responsive and consistently goes above and beyond to solve customer issues. For a system your business cannot operate without, this is invaluable.”
Ryan Mongeau, Director of Technology, Space Age Electronics
“Adept has improved our efficiency/processes by 200%. What once took hours in the old systems, I can do in minutes. It’s a very powerful system with unlimited possibilities for adding more useful information for future projects. And the Helpdesk team can tackle and/or resolve any issue I bring to them to improve or streamline our processes.”
Milias H, The Folger Company, Document Control Service Provider
About Synergis Software
Synergis Software is a global leader in document management and workflow solutions and is the creator of Synergis Adept software. Adept serves more than 120,000 users across dozens of industries providing fast, centralized access to design and business documents in a secure, collaborative environment. Adept Integrator connects your enterprise applications so your data and business processes flow seamlessly across your entire IT infrastructure.
Named the customer service leader in the global engineering information management market by Frost & Sullivan and ranked in the Top 5 globally by Helpdesk International for three consecutive years, our commitment to clients is unwavering.
Founded in 1985, Synergis Technologies, LLC is headquartered in Bucks County, PA and is privately owned and funded.
Adept has been battle tested by engineers for over 30 years with customers such as Dow Chemical, Con Edison, General Mills, Merck, NASA, and Nucor Steel.
About G2 Crowd
G2 is the world’s largest tech marketplace where businesses can discover, review, and manage the technology they need to reach their potential. Today, more than 3M people visit G2 to read and write authentic reviews about thousands of software products and professional services.
Scott Lamond
Vice President of Marketing
Synergis Software
Email: scott.lamond@synergis.com
Phone: (215) 302-3006
Synergis Adept recognized as a Leader in ECM & PDM in G2 Spring 2022 reports, ranking first in usability, implementation, support, and relationship.
Scott Lamond
Vice President of Marketing
Synergis Software
Email: scott.lamond@synergis.com
Phone: (215) 302-3006

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